Cárie dentária em molares decíduos, doenças comuns na infância e condição socioeconômica: estudo representativo de escolares brasileiros / Dental caries in deciduous molars, common childhood diseases and socioeconomic status: a representative study of brazilian schoolchildren

Objetivo: verificar a experiência de cárie em molares decíduos e a sua associação com doenças comuns na infância, uso de medicamentos, condições socioeconômicas. Materiais e Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal representativo com uma amostra de 1181 crianças entre 8 e 9 anos, de ambos os sexos. O exame clínico foi realizado em ambiente escolar por uma dentista calibrada para diagnóstico de cárie dentária através do índice de dentes cariados, extraídos ou com extração indicada e obturados (Índice ceo-d). Os responsáveis responderam questionários sobre a história médica da criança e condições socioeconômicas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Local. Os dados foram analisados através da Regressão de Poisson, sendo que as variáveis com p<0,20 foram introduzidas em um modelo multivariado e hierárquico (p<0,05). Razão de Prevalência (RP) e Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% foram calculados. Resultados: a maioria das crianças apresenta cárie em molares decíduos (54,6%). Doenças comuns na infância e uso medicamentos não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com cárie dentária (p>0,05). Estudantes de escolas públicas tiveram uma prevalência 27% maior de (IC95%=1,05-1,59) experiência de cárie em molares decíduos quando comparados aos estudantes de escolas particulares. Menor escolaridade materna também se mostrou associada à experiência de cárie em molares decíduos, sendo que crianças cujas mães tinham até 4 anos de estudo tinham uma prevalência 60% maior de cárie dentária (IC95%:1,19-2,16). Conclusão: a maioria das crianças apresentou experiência de cárie em molares decíduos, mas esta condição não foi associada com doenças e medicamentos utilizados até os 4 anos de idade. Entretanto, crianças de escola pública e cujas mães possuíam menor escolaridade apresentaram maior experiência de cárie.

Objective: to verify the caries experience in deciduous molars and its association with common childhood diseases, medication use, socioeconomic conditions. Materials and Methods: a representative cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 1181 children between 8 and 9 years old, of both sexes. The clinical examination was performed in a school environment by a dentist calibrated for the diagnosis of dental caries through the index of decayed teeth, extracted or with the indicated and filled samples (ceo-d index). Those responsible for the child answered about the child's medical history and socioeconomic conditions. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee Local. The data were analyzed using an analysis model, and as p<0.20, varied with variables were evaluated in a model and hierarchical. Prevalence Ratio (PR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculations. Results: 54.6% of the children had caries experience in the deciduous molars. Common childhood diseases and medication use were not significantly associated with dental caries (p>0.05). Public school students had a prevalence of 27% of students (95%CI=1.05-1.59) of caries experience in deciduous molars when compared to school students. Lower maternal schooling was also associated with caries experience in deciduous molars, with mothers with up to 4 years of schooling having a 60% higher probability of having children with dental caries (95%CI:1.19-2.16). Conclusion: most children had caries experience in deciduous molars, but it was not associated with diseases and medications used between 0 and 4 years old. However, school children and whose mothers had less schooling had a greater experience of caries.

Risk Factors for the Incidence of Dental Caries in Low, Very Low, and Extremely Low Birth Weight Children: A Cohort Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the incidence of caries in a two-year period among low birth weight (LBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) children considering socioeconomic indicators, dietary factors and oral hygiene. Material and Methods: A convenience sample was formed of 42 low birth weight children aged two to five years at baseline. Two examiners diagnosed caries using the World Health Organization criteria. Birth weight, socioeconomic indicators and diet were collected from medical records and questionnaires. Binomial models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted rate ratios (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals for the factors evaluated. Results: Thirty-six children were re-examined after two years. The incidence of dental caries was 36.7%. The dmft index was 0.44 (±1.25) at baseline and increased to 1.36 (±3.85) at follow-up. VLBW children (1,000 to 1,500 g) (RR=0.23; 95%CI: 0.08-0.72) and LBW children (1,500 to 2,500 g) (RR=0.06; 0.01-0.55) had fewer carious lesions compared to ELBW children (<1,000 g). Carious lesions were more frequent among children with a lower income (RR=6.05; 1.05-34.84) and less frequent among those who did not consume sweetened juice, tea or yogurt (RR: 0.21; 0.07-0.62). Conclusion: An inverse dose-response relation was found between birth weight and the incidence of caries. A lower income and the consumption of sweetened beverages were risk factors for the development of caries (AU).

Development and validation of a short form of the BOHLAT-P

Abstract: The authors developed and validated a short form of the Brazilian Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task for Paediatric Dentistry (BOHLAT-P). Data included responses from 200 parents of preschoolers to sociodemographic and oral health service access questions on the BOHLAT-P, the Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30), and the Brazilian Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). Data on the preschoolers' dental caries experience (ICDAS-II) were also included. An item response theory-based approach was employed to develop the short form, while confirmatory factor analysis evaluated the instrument dimensionality. The validity and reliability of the short form were tested by statistical analysis using BREALD-30, B-ECOHIS, and sociodemographic and dental caries experience data. The short form (BOHLAT-P-30) comprises 30 items, is unidimensional, and presents better model fit estimates (TLI = 0.94; CFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.05) than those of the BOHLAT-P. Moreover, BOHLAT-P-30 demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.95). BOHLAT-P-30 scores were positively correlated with BREALD-30 scores (r = 0.71), with the number of years of schooling (r = 0.60), and with the number of hours spent reading (r = 0.33). BOHLAT-P-30 scores were negatively correlated with B-ECOHIS scores (r = -0.21), and with the number of teeth with cavitated caries (r = -0.18). After controlling for confounding factors, BOHLAT-P-30 scores were not found to be associated with caries presence, or with the number of teeth with cavitated caries. The BOHLAT-P-30 had properties similar to those of the BOHLAT-P, and proved to be a valid measure to assess the OHL of Brazilian parents.

Responsiveness of the B-ECOHIS to detect changes in OHRQoL following dental treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract The Brazilian Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS) is an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaire. This paper aims to investigate the responsiveness of the B-ECOHIS to dental treatment in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and determine if dental treatment has an impact on OHRQoL. The survey targeted 27 ASD individuals aged 4 to 14 years attending the Acolher Project of the University Federal Fluminense. This project provides children and adolescents with disabilities with oral health services. A group of randomly selected caregivers self-completed the B-ECOHIS before and 14 days after their children's dental treatment. The dental treatment included meticulous screening, preventive treatment, and restorative treatment. Responsiveness was assessed by investigating the effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM). Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate internal responsiveness (distribution-based approach). The B-ECOHIS showed significant changes in the total score (p<0.001) and in all domains. The ES of the total B-ECOHIS after treatment was 1.28 and ranged between 0.70 and 1.14 for the domains. The SRM for each of the domains was large, except for the symptom domain. The B-ECOHIS is sensitive and responsive to ASD individuals undergoing dental treatment. Individuals with ASD showed improvement in their OHRQoL score after dental treatment.

The importance of full text screening when judging eligibility criteria in a systematic review: a systematic survey / A importância da avaliação do texto completo ao julgar os critérios de elegibilidade em uma revisão sistemática: uma revisão de métodos

Aim: To evaluate if statistically significant results are more likely to be reported in title/abstracts compared to non-significant outcomes. Methods: In this methodological survey, we reanalyzed 59 observational studies from a previous systematic review. The PECO question was: Patient (P): children with primary teeth; Exposure (E): low birth weight and/or preterm; Comparison (C): normal birth weight and/or full-term; Outcome (O): dental caries. We analyzed the presence of key terms in the titles and abstracts, such as gestational age, preterm, full-term, birth weight, low/normal birth weight. Full texts were analyzed for "positive outcomes" (statistically significant association, p < 0.05 or 95% CI not crossing the null effect line) related to the association between the outcome and the exposure; and "negative outcomes" (when the outcome had statistically similar occurrence between the exposure and the comparison group). The odds ratio (OR) was calculated between the presence of key terms in titles/abstracts and the type of outcome (positive or negative). Results: Of 59 studies, 66% cited the key terms in titles/abstracts, and 75% reported negative outcomes. Studies with positive outcomes were more likely to report key terms in the titles/abstracts compared to studies with negative outcomes (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 0.9-22.4; Chi-square test: p = 0.06). Studies with statistically significant outcomes, favoring the exposure or the comparison, were more likely to report these data in the titles/abstracts. Conclusion: When conducting a systematic review, the final decision related to the inclusion of a study must be based on a full-text level.

Objetivo: Avaliar se os resultados estatisticamente significativos são mais prováveis de serem relatados nos títulos/resumos dos artigos do que os resultados não significativos. Métodos: Neste levantamento metodológico, foram reanalisados 59 estudos observacionais de uma revisão sistemática anterior. A questão PECO foi: Paciente (P): crianças com dentes decíduos; Exposição (E): baixo peso ao nascer e/ou pré-termo; Comparação (C): peso normal ao nascer e/ou a termo; Resultado (O): cárie dentária. Foi analisada a presença de termos-chave nos títulos/resumos, como idade gestacional, pré-termo, a termo, peso ao nascer, baixo/peso normal ao nascer. Textos completos foram analisados para "desfechos positivos" (associação estatisticamente significativa, p < 0,05 ou IC 95% não cruzando a linha de efeito nulo) relacionados à associação entre o desfecho e a exposição; e "desfechos negativos" (quando o desfecho teve ocorrência estatisticamente semelhante entre a exposição e o grupo de comparação). Foi calculada a odds ratio (OR) entre a presença de termos-chave nos títulos/resumos e o tipo de resultado (positivo ou negativo). Resultados: Dos 59 estudos, 66% citaram os termos-chave nos títulos/resumos e 75% relataram resultados negativos. Estudos com resultados positivos foram mais propensos a relatar os termos-chave nos títulos/resumos em comparação com estudos com resultados negativos (OR: 4,5; IC 95%: 0,9-22,4; teste do qui-quadrado: p = 0,06). Estudos com significância estatística os desfechos, favorecendo a exposição ou a comparação, foram mais propensos a relatar esses dados nos títulos/resumos. Conclusão: Ao realizar uma revisão sistemática, a decisão final quanto à inclusão de um estudo deve ser baseada por meio da análise do texto completo.

Impact of untreated dental caries and malocclusion in brazilian adolescents on the quality of life of their families

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dentalcaries and malocclusion in Brazilian adolescents on the oral health-related qualityof life (OHRQoL) of their families. Methods: A representative cross-sectional studywas conducted with 1168 adolescents from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,and their families. Parents/caregivers answered the Brazilian version of the FamilyImpact Scale (B-FIS) to assess the impact of oral conditions on the OHRQoL of thefamilies. Malocclusion was diagnosed using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Dentalcaries was diagnosed using the DMFT index. Three examiners who had undergonetraining and calibration exercises performed the clinical examinations. Sex, ageand social vulnerability of the adolescents were considered confounding variables.Data analysis was performed using bivariate and multivariate Poisson regressionanalysis with robust variance (p<0.05). Results: The analysis adjusted by sex, ageand social vulnerability demonstrated that families of adolescents with untreateddental caries had 29% more impact on Parental/Family Activity (95% CI: 1.11-1.50), 28% on Parental Emotions (95% CI: 1.09-1.51) and 34% on Family Conflict(95% CI: 1.09-1.65) than those without caries. When adjusted for sex and age,malocclusion was associated with Financial Burden (PR=1.39; 95%CI=1.01-1.65),but this variable lost its significance when social vulnerability was included in themultivariate model (PR=1.27; 95% CI: 0.99-1.64). Conclusion: Untreated dentalcaries in adolescents exerted a negative impact on the OHRQoL of their families.Social vulnerability exerted an influence on the impact of malocclusion on theOHRQoL of the families.

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da cárie dentária e damá oclusão em adolescentes brasileiros na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúdebucal (QVRSB) de suas famílias. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversalrepresentativo com 1168 adolescentes de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e suasfamílias. Os pais/responsáveis responderam à versão brasileira da Family ImpactScale (B-FIS) para avaliar o impacto das condições bucais na QVRSB das famílias. Amá oclusão foi diagnosticada pelo Índice de Estética Dental e a cárie dentária peloíndice CPOD. Três examinadores calibrados realizaram exames clínicos. Sexo, idadee vulnerabilidade social dos adolescentes foram coletadas como variáveis de confusão.A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise de regressão de Poisson bivariadae multivariada com variância robusta (p<0,05). Resultados: Resultados ajustados porsexo, idade e vulnerabilidade social demonstraram que famílias de adolescentes comcárie dentária não tratada tiveram 29% mais impacto na Atividade Parental/Familiar(IC95% = 1,11-1,50), 28% nas Emoções Parentais (IC95% = 1,09-1,51) e 34% em ConflitoFamiliar (IC 95% = 1,09-1,65) do que aqueles sem cárie. Quando ajustada para sexo eidade, a má oclusão foi associada ao Encargo Financeiro (RP = 1,39; IC95% = 1,01-1,65); entretanto, perdeu significância quando a vulnerabilidade social foi incluída nomodelo multivariado (RP = 1,27; IC95% = 0,99-1,64). Conclusão: A cárie dentária nãotratada em adolescentes exerceu impacto negativo na QVRSB de suas famílias. Avulnerabilidade social influenciou a ausência de impacto da má oclusão na QVRSBdas famílias.

Prevalence of active and passive smoking during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study / Prevalência de tabagismo ativo e passivo durante a gravidez: estudo transversal

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of active and passive smoking during pregnancy and its association with sociodemographic indicators, as well as perinatal and postnatal outcomes in newborns. Methods: This cross-sectional study was comprised of 431 pairs of mothers/ newborns. The study variables were: preterm birth, birth weight, oral mucosal lesions, sociodemographic indicators and smoking data. We collected data from medical records and through a self-administered questionnaire answered by mothers. A pediatric dentist examined the newborns for oral mucosal lesions. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between active and passive smoking and the other variables (α=5%). Results: The prevalence of active (9.5%) and passive smoking (4.2%) during pregnancy was low. Active smoking was statistically associated with low birth weight (OR: 2.4; 95%CI:1.1-5.3), lower schooling level (OR: 0.2; 95%CI:0.1-0.5) and mothers aged ≥36 years old (OR: 4.9; 95%CI:1.2-20.0). Passive smoking was not statistically associated with the other variables. There was no association between active or passive smoking during pregnancy and premature birth and oral lesions of the newborn. Conclusions: The prevalence of active and passive smoking were low. Active smoking was associated with low birth weight, maternal age and mother's schooling, suggesting a social influence of smoking behavior among a population with a lower educational level. There was no association between active and passive smoking and prematurity and oral lesions of the newborn. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de tabagismo ativo e passivo durante a gestação e a associação entre indicadores sociodemográficos, bem como desfechos pré e pós-parto em recém-nascidos. Metodologia: Este estudo transversal foi composto por 431 pares de mães/recém-nascidos. As variáveis estudadas foram: nascimento prematuro, peso ao nascer, lesões mucosas orais, indicadores sociodemográficos e dados sobre tabagismo. Coletamos dados por meio de prontuários e por questionário auto-aplicado respondido pelas mães. Um dentista pediátrico examinou os recém-nascidos para lesões mucosas orais. A regressão logística foi utilizada para a análise bivariada e multivariada dos dados (α=5%). Resultados: Prevalência de tabagismo ativo (9,5%) e tabagismo passivo (4,2%) durante a gravidez foi baixo. O tabagismo ativo foi estatisticamente associado ao baixo peso ao nascer (OR: 2,4; 95%CI:1,1-5,3), às mães com menor escolaridade (OR: 0,2; 95%CI:0,1-0,5), e mães com idade ≥36 anos (OR: 4,9; 95%CI:1,2-20,0); enquanto o tabagismo passivo não esteve estatisticamente associado a nenhuma variável. Não houve associação entre tabagismo durante a gestação com nascimento prematuro e lesões orais de recém-nascidos. Conclusões: As prevalências de tabagismos passivo e ativo foram baixas. O tabagismo ativo esteve associado ao baixo peso ao nascer, à idade materna e à escolaridade da mãe, sugerindo influência social do comportamento do tabagismo entre a população com menor escolaridade. Não houve associação entre tabagismo ativo e passivo com prematuridade e lesões de mucosa oral em recém-nascido. (AU)

Prevalence of Oral Inclusion Cysts in a Brazilian Neonatal Population.

Purpose: To evaluate oral inclusion cysts in newborns and their association with birth weight, preterm birth, newborn health, maternal health, prenatal factors, and socio-economic factors.
Methods: The sample consisted of 411 pairs of mothers and their newborns born at a university hospital in Brazil. The oral inclusion cysts, diagnosed by clinical examination, were Epstein pearls, Bohn's nodules, and dental lamina cysts. Medical records and a questionnaire were used to collect data related to newborns and mothers. Data were analyzed using the chi-square, linear by linear, and Fisher's exact tests for bivariate analysis, while Poisson regression with robust variance was used for multivariate analysis (α =five percent).
Results: The prevalence of inclusion cysts was 56.7 percent. A total of 42 (62.7 percent) low birth weight (LBW) newborns, 192 (56.0 percent) normal weight newborns, 38 (63.3 percent) preterm newborns, and 187 (56.7 percent) full-term newborn had inclusion cysts. Epstein pearls (n=164, 39.9 percent) were more prevalent and associated with prematurity (P =0.025), LBW newborns (P =0.033), and mothers who worked during pregnancy (P =0.019). Bohn's nodules (n=80, 19.9 percent) were more prevalent in newborns of mothers who did not receive welfare support (P =0.004). Dental lamina cysts occurred in 5.6 percent (N=23) of the sample and were not associated with independent variables.
Conclusion: Epstein pearls were more common in LBW and preterm infants.

Traumatismo dentário na dentição decídua e condição socioeconômica: uma revisão crítica da literatura / Traumatic dental injury in primary teeth and socioeconomic factors: a critical literature review

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a condição socioeconômica e o traumatismo dentário em crianças na dentição decídua. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica na base de dados PubMed, seguindo uma estratégia de combinação de palavras-chave. Não houve restrição em relação ao ano de publicação, tipo de estudo e o local em que foi realizado. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada em duas etapas: através do processo de leitura dos títulos e resumos, e em seguida, por meio da obtenção e leitura dos artigos completos selecionados. Resultados: De um total de 94 artigos encontrados, 16 foram selecionados para a revisão de literatura. Desses, 13 preencheram todos os critérios metodológicos analisados. A maioria dos estudos foram realizados no Brasil. A idade das crianças não ultrapassou os seis anos. Associações estatisticamente significantes entre a prevalência do traumatismo dentário na dentição decídua e condição socioeconômica foram encontradas em quatro artigos. Conclusão: A maioria dos estudos não encontrou associação entre o traumatismo dentário na dentição decídua com a condição socioeconômica.

Aim: To verify the association between socioeconomic factors and traumatic dental injuries in preschool children in primary dentitions. Methods: A bibliographic search was made in the PubMed electronic database, following a keyword combination strategy. There were no restrictions regarding the year of publication, type of study, and place where it was performed. The selection of the studies was achieved in two steps: through the process of reading the titles and abstracts and by obtaining and reading the complete selected articles. Results: From the 94 articles that were found, 16 were eligible for inclusion in the literature review. Of these, 13 articles met all of the proposed methodology criteria. Most of the studies were conducted in Brazil. The age of the children did not exceed 6 years. Statistically significant associations between the prevalence of traumatic dental injury in the primary dentition and socioeconomic factors were found in 4 articles. Conclusion:The majority of studies found no association between dental trauma in primary dentition and socioeconomic status.

Validation of the Brazilian version of the Halitosis Associated Life-Quality Test (HALT)

Abstract The present study aimed to validate (cross-culturally adapt and test psychometric properties) the Brazilian version of the Halitosis Associated Life-Quality Test (HALT). A process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation was conducted by a group of dental researchers. The first draft of the Brazilian Portuguese version was pre-tested on a sample of 33 individuals leading up to the final version of the questionnaire. The Brazilian version of the HALT (B-HALT) was applied to 100 individuals with halitosis (organoleptic score ≥ 2) and 100 individuals without halitosis (organoleptic score < 2). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to evaluate the dimensionality of B-HALT. Cronbach's alpha (α) and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to measure its reliability. For convergent validity, Spearman's correlation was conducted between the B-HALT and the organoleptic scores. The discriminant validity was evaluated through the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. EFA confirmed the unidimensionality of B-HALT, which has also demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.93). There was a positive correlation between B-HALT and organoleptic scores (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). B-HALT was able to discriminate between the groups with and without halitosis measured by the organoleptic method (p < 0.001) and self-reported halitosis (p < 0.001). B-HALT has demonstrated to be a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life associated to halitosis in Brazilian adults.

Avaliação do conhecimento de Graduandos do curso de Odontologia sobre o uso de fluoretos em Odontopediatria: um estudo coorte / Evaluation of the knowledge of undergraduate dental students regarding the indications of fluoride for children: a cohort study

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de Graduandos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FAO-UFMG) quanto às indicações de uso de fluoretos em crianças. Métodos: Em 2015, dois grupos de estudantes foram convidados a participar do estudo: Grupo 1 (G1): 78 alunos do 1º período e Grupo 2 (G2): 72 alunos do 9º período (baseline). Em 2016, o G1 participou da reaplicação do mesmo questionário e a amostra de alunos recuperada foi de 66 graduandos (tempo 2 ­ T2). Foi realizada análise estatística dos dados usando os Testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher e McNemar. Resultados: Comparando as respostas, houve diferenças de resposta em todas as questões entre G1 em baseline e G2 (p < 0,05). O conhecimento entre G1 no T2 e G2 foi semelhante (p > 0,05). As respostas foram diferentes entre G1 em baseline e G1 em T2 (p < 0,05), mostrando uma melhora do conhecimento para os mesmos alunos. Conclusão: No geral, pode-se dizer que ainda há uma defasagem no conhecimento, visto que muitas questões foram respondidas de maneira insatisfatória. (AU)

Aim: This study s oughtto compare the knowledge of undergraduate students from the Dental School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FOUFMG) regarding the recommendations of fluoride use for children. Methods: In 2015, two groups of students took part in the study: Group 1 (G1): 78 students from the 1stsemester and Group 2 (G2): 72 students from the last semester (baseline). In 2016, G1 answered the same questionnaire, and the sample retrieved was of 66 students (time 2). Pearson's Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and McNemar tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Comparing the responses, the answers were different between G1 at the baseline and G2 (p < 0.05). The answers of the questionnaire were similar between G1 at time 2 and G2 at the baseline (p > 0.05). The answers were different between G1 at the baseline and G1 at time 2 (p < 0.05), illustrating an improvement in knowledge. Conclusion:In conclusion, there is still a lack of knowledge, as many questions were not properly answered by the students. (AU)

Má oclusão e vulnerabilidade social: estudo representativo de adolescentes de Belo Horizonte, Brasil / Malocclusion and social vulnerability: a representative study with adolescents from Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Resumo A má oclusão é um problema de saúde pública devido à alta prevalência, possibilidade de tratamento e por interferir na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. O objetivo deste artigo é determinar a prevalência da má oclusão em adolescentes e testar sua associação com indicador de vulnerabilidade social. Foi realizado um estudo transversal representativo com 1.612 adolescentes, entre 11 e 14 anos de idade, de escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os adolescentes foram avaliados por três examinadores calibrados para o diagnóstico de má oclusão, utilizando o Índice Estético Dental. O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social de Belo Horizonte foi utilizado para determinar o grau de vulnerabilidade social dos adolescentes. Os dados foram analisados através da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta (p < 0,05). A maioria dos adolescentes apresentou má oclusão ausente/leve (68,7%). Diagnosticou-se apinhamento dentário em 51,9% da amostra, diastema em 23,7%, mordida aberta anterior em 7,6 %. A má oclusão mostrou-se associada à vulnerabilidade social (RP = 1,25;95% IC = 1,01-1,55). O apinhamento dentário foi o tipo de má oclusão mais prevalente. Os adolescentes mais vulneráveis socialmente apresentaram piores indicadores de má oclusão.

Abstract Malocclusion is public health problem because of its high prevalence, treatment possibility, and impact on the individual's quality of life. This article aims to determining the prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents and to test its association with social vulnerability. A representative transversal study was performed with 1612 adolescents aged between 11 and 14 years old who came from public and private schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The adolescents were examined by three calibrated examiners for diagnosis of malocclusion, using the Dental Aesthetic Index. The Social Vulnerability Index from Belo Horizonte was used to determine the degree of social vulnerability from adolescents. The data were analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance (p<0,05). Most adolescents presented absence/minor malocclusion (68.7%). Dental crowding was diagnosed in 51.9% from the sample, diastema in 23.7%, anterior open bite in 7.6 %. Malocclusion was associated with social vulnerability (PR=1.25;95% CI=1.01-1.55). Dental crowding was the most prevalent type of malocclusion. The more socially vulnerable adolescents had worse indicators of malocclusion.

Impacto do traumatismo dentário na qualidade de vida de crianças, adolescentes e suas famílias: revisão crítica da literatura / Impact of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of children, adolescents, and their families: critical review of the literature

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre o traumatismo em dentes permanentes e o impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) de crianças, adolescentes e suas famílias, através de uma revisão crítica da literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica na base de dados PubMed, com uma combinação de palavras-chave, sem restrições quanto ao ano de publicação ou idioma. Artigos duplicados foram excluídos e a seleção dos estudos foi realizada em duas etapas: leitura do título e resumo, e os artigos que se encaixavam no tema foram selecionados para leitura completa. Logo após, foi realizada extração de dados dos artigos selecionados utilizando uma tabela padronizada. Resultados: Dos 397 artigos encontrados, apenas 14 apresentavam todas as informações exigidas pelos critérios metodológicos. Dentre estes estudos, dois utilizaram o desenho de estudo longitudinal, sete utilizaram o desenho transversal e cinco utilizaram o desenho caso-controle. Onze estudos foram realizados no Brasil, um no Canadá, um no Reino Unido e um na Albânia. Os indivíduos abrangidos pela pesquisa possuíam entre 8 e 19 anos de idade. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre traumatismo dentário e impacto na QVRSB em 13 estudos. Traumatismo dentários mais complexos como de dentina e/ou polpa estiveram associados a dificuldade de mastigar e higienizar a boca, problemas emocionais e de socialização, sentimento de culpa nos pais e estresse familiar. Conclusão: A maioria dos estudos demonstrou que crianças/adolescentes com traumatismo dentário mais grave apresentaram impacto negativo na sua QVRSB e de seus familiares. (AU)

Aim: To verify the association between dental trauma in permanent teeth and its impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children, adolescents, and their families, using a critical literature review. Methods: A bibliographic study was carried out using the PubMed database, using a combination of key-words, with no restrictions on language or publication date. Duplicate articles were excluded, and the selection of the studies was carried out in two phases. In the first stage, the ttitle and abstract we read, and the articles that fit the theme were selected for further reading of the complete text. In addition, data extraction from the selected studies was conducted using a normalized table. Results: Of the 397 articles encountered in this search, only 14 presented all of the information required by the methodological criteria. Among these studies, two used the longitudinal study method, seven used the cross-sectional study method, and 5 used the case-control study method. Eleven studies had been conducted in Brazil, one in Canada, one in the United Kingdom, and one in Albania. The individuals included in this study ranged from 8 to 19 years of age. Significant associations between dental trauma and its impact on OHRQoL were found in 13 studies. Conclusion: The majority of the studies found an association between dental trauma and the OHRQoL of children/adolescents and their families. (AU)

Impacto da má oclusão e do tratamento ortodôntico com aparelho fixo sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal de crianças e adolescentes / Impact of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances on oral health-related quality of life of children and adolescents

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o impacto da má oclusão na QVRSB de crianças e adolescentes que estavam em tratamento ortodôntico com aparelho fixo, e os fatores associados. Métodos: foi selecionada uma amostra de 161 indivíduos entre 10 e 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, em tratamento na clínica de Especialização em Ortodontia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. As crianças/adolescentes responderam à versão brasileira do Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP), que é subdividido em 8 domínios que avaliam os impactos que as condições bucais podem ter sobre a execução de atividades diárias; os pais/responsáveis responderam a um formulário socioeconômico; e o pesquisador coletou informações da ficha clínica e dos modelos ortodônticos dos participantes, como tipo de aparelho, má oclusão (Dental Aesthetic Index - DAI), extração de pré-molares por indicação ortodôntica e tempo de tratamento. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas e multivariadas através do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Resultados: As variáveis que apresentaram um valor de p < 0,20 foram má oclusão/DAI (p = 0,032) e escolaridade dos pais (p = 0,184) e foram incorporados na regressão logística (p < 0,05). No modelo multivariado final, observou-se que indivíduos com má oclusão ausente/leve (DAI ≤ 25) possuíam 2,05 (95%IC = 1,05­4,00) menos chances de apresentar impacto na QVRSB quando comparadas com aqueles com má oclusão mais grave (DAI ≥ 26). Conclusão: A gravidade da má oclusão foi um importante fator de impacto na QVRSB de indivíduos jovens sob tratamento ortodôntico. (AU)

Objective: This study sought to investigate the impact of malocclusion on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of children and adolescents who are presently undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, as well as associated factors. Methods: A sample of 161 individuals between 10 and 18 years of age, from both sexes, was selected for treatment at the Orthodontic Clinic of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Children/adolescents answered the Brazilian version of the Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP), which is subdivided into 8 domains that assess the impacts of oral conditions on daily activities; parents/guardians answered a socioeconomic questionnaire; and the researcher collected information on clinical records and orthodontic plaster casts of the participants, such as the type of appliance, malocclusion (Dental Aesthetic Index - DAI), extraction of premolars due to orthodontic recommendation, and treatment time. Bivariate and multiple analyzes were performed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results: Variables that presented a p-value < 0.20 represented malocclusion/DAI (p = 0.032) and parental schooling (p = 0.184); these variables were incorporated into the logistic regression (p < 0.05). In the final multiple model, individuals with mild malocclusion (DAI ≤ 25) were 2.05 (95%CI = 1.05­4.00) less likely to have an impact on OHRQoL compared to those with more severe malocclusion (DAI ≥ 26). Conclusion: The severity of malocclusion was an important impact factor in the OHRQoL of young individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. (AU)

Ansiedade odontológica autorrelatada pelas crianças atendidas na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: fatores associados e correlação com o medo dos pais / Self-reported dental anxiety by children attended in the Dental School of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: associated factors and correlation with parents' dental fear

Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação da ansiedade odontológica das crianças atendidas nas clínicas de Odontopediatria da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minhas Gerais (FAO-UFMG) com o medo odontológico de seus pais/responsáveis. Além disso, avaliar a associação entre a presença de ansiedade dessas crianças com tipo de tratamento necessário, o tempo em que faz tratamento na FAO-UFMG e com seu comportamento. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma amostra de conveniência de 65 crianças de 4 a 11 anos de idade atendidas nas clínicas de Odontopediatria da FAO-UFMG e seus pais/responsáveis. Os Questionários Venham Picture Test Modificado e Dental Fear Survey foram utilizados para mensurar a ansiedade e medo autorrelatados frente o tratamento odontológico das crianças e dos responsáveis, respectivamente. Tipo de tratamento odontológico, tempo em tratamento nas clínicas (FAO-UFMG) e comportamento da criança (escala de Frankl) foram obtidos através da ficha clínica. Sexo e idade (criança) sexo, grau de parentesco e escolaridade (responsável) através de um questionário. Os dados foram analisados através da correlação de Spearman e teste Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Não houve correlação significativa entre a ansiedade das crianças e o medo dos pais/responsáveis (r = -0,029; p = 0,820). A ansiedade odontológica foi maior em crianças submetidas à exodontia (média = 3,17; DP = 2,639) do que naquelas submetidas à procedimentos restauradores/endodônticos (média = 0,96; DP = 2,021; p = 0,013) ou sem necessidade de tratamento (média = 0,30; DP = 0,483; p = 0,032). Crianças com 4-21 meses em tratamento apresentaram maior ansiedade comparada àquelas com mais de 21 meses em tratamento (p = 0,045). Não houve associação significativa entre ansiedade odontológica e comportamento da criança (p = 0,221). Conclusão: A ansiedade odontológica das crianças não foi associada ao medo de seus pais/responsáveis. Entretanto, a necessidade de procedimentos mais complexos e o tempo em que a criança estava sob tratamento na clínica foram associados à presença de ansiedade odontológica. (AU)

Aim: To evaluate the presence of dental anxiety in children who receive dental care in the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the School of Dentistry at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FAO-UFMG) and their correlation with their parents'/guardians' dental fears. This study also seeks to evaluate the association between these children's dental anxiety with the type of necessary dental treatment, the time needed for treatment at FAO-UFMG, and their behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional convenience study was conducted with 65 children of 4 to 11 years of age who received dental care in the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the FAO-UFMG and their parents/guardians. The questionnaires "Modified Venham Picture Test" and "Dental Fear Survey" were used to measure the self-reported dental anxiety and fear concerning the dental treatment of the children and their parents, respectively. The type of dental treatment, length of treatment (FAO-UFMG), and the child's behavior (Frankl scale) were obtained from the clinical record. Gender and age (child), gender, kinship, and education level (responsible) were obtained through a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: There was no significant correlation between children's anxiety and the fear of parents/caregivers (r = -0.029; p = 0.820). Dental anxiety was higher in children undergoing extraction (mean = 3.17; SD = 2.639) than in children undergoing restorative/endodontic procedures (mean = 0.96; SD = 2.021; p = 0.013) or without treatment (mean = 0.30; SD = 0.483; p = 0.032). Children who had been undergoing treatment for 4-21 months presented higher anxiety when compared to children who had been undergoing treatment for more than 21 months (p = 0.045). No significant association was observed between dental anxiety and the child's behavior (p = 0.221). Conclusion: Children's dental anxiety was not associated with their parents'/guardians' dental fear. However, the need for more complex procedures and the time the child had been undergoing treatment at the clinic were associated with the presence of dental anxiety. (AU)

Factors associated with molar-incisor hypomineralisation in schoolchildren aged 8-10 years: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is multifactorial and may involve genetic and environmental factors. AIM: To verify the factors associated with MIH in schoolchildren from 8 to 10 years of age. DESIGN: This is a case-control study with a sample consisting of children aged 8 to 10 years, paired by gender and school type, in a ratio of 1:3. The case group included 186 children with MIH and the control included 558 children without MIH. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and clinical examination. Chi-square, linear-by-linear, Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression tests were conducted. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of mild MIH was 19.5%, moderate MIH 2.2% and severe MIH 3.2%. An association was observed between MIH with treatment need and a higher mean DMF-T and decayed and missing teeth (P < 0.05). According to the aetiological factors studied, mothers who presented a fever during pregnancy had a 2.54 times greater chance of having children with severe MIH than mothers who did not present a fever (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: The presence of fever during pregnancy and the need for treatment were associated with MIH.

Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years attending public elementary schools in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: The Brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ8-10) was used to evaluate oral health-related quality of life. The children were examined for the diagnosis of malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). The data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate descriptive statistics using Poisson regression at a 5% significance level. A total of 270 children participated in the study. Results: Children with normal occlusion or mild malocclusion (DAI ≤ 25) were 56% less likely (95%CI: 0.258-0.758; p= 0.003) to have their quality of life affected compared with children diagnosed with extremely severe malocclusion (DAI ≥ 36). Children with a maxillary anterior overjet ≥ 3 mm had higher CPQ8-10 mean scores (19.4; SD = 17.1) than those with an overjet < 3 mm (13.6; SD = 11.7; p= 0.038). Conclusions: Extremely severe malocclusion and pronounced maxillary anterior overjet were associated with a negative impact on quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo transversal foi avaliar o impacto da má oclusão na qualidade de vida de crianças na faixa etária de 8 a 10 anos de idade, estudantes de escolas da rede pública da cidade de Belo Horizonte, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: o instrumento utilizado para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal foi a versão brasileira do Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ8-10). As crianças foram examinadas para diagnóstico de má oclusão utilizando-se o Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva, bivariada e multivariada por meio da regressão de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Participaram do estudo 270 crianças. Resultados: crianças com oclusão normal ou má oclusão leve (DAI ≤25) apresentaram 56% menos probabilidade (IC 95%: 0,258-0,758; p= 0,003) de impacto na qualidade de vida, comparadas com crianças diagnosticadas com má oclusão muito grave (DAI ≥ 36). Crianças com sobressaliência superior anterior ≥ 3 mm apresentaram maiores escores médios de CPQ8-10 (19,4; DP = 17,1) do que aqueles com sobressaliência < 3 mm (13,6; DP=11,7; p= 0,038). Conclusões: a má oclusão muito grave e a sobressaliência superior anterior aumentada se associaram ao impacto negativo na qualidade de vida.

Associação do nível de escolaridade de pais e responsáveis com os hábitos alimentares e de higiene bucal de crianças / Association of parent's/guardian's level of education with the eating and oral hygiene habits of children

Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre hábitos alimentares e de higiene bucal de crianças de 2 a 14 anos e nível de escolaridade dos pais/responsáveis. Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi realizado com uma amostra de conveniência de 214 pais/responsáveis por crianças, selecionadas em cinco escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte, sudeste do Brasil. Um formulário preenchido pelos pais/responsáveis forneceu informações sobre seu nível de escolaridade e sobre hábitos dietéticos e de higiene bucal das suas crianças. A amostra foi estratificada em dois grupos: pais/ responsáveis de crianças de 2 a 6 anos (n=119; 55,6%) e de 7 a 14 anos (n=95; 44,4%). O estudo recebeu aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Teste Exato de Fisher (p < 0,05). Resultados: Maior nível educacional dos pais e responsáveis foi associado ao consumo de leite pelas crianças de 7 a 14 anos (OR=6,37; 95% IC: 2,27-17,88; p < 0,001) e inversamente relacionada ao consumo de balas na faixa etária de 2 a 6 anos (OR=0,26; 95% IC: 0,11-0,58, p < 0,001) e chicletes nos dois grupos (2 a 6 anos, p <0,001 e 7 a 14 anos p=0,014). A educação parental mais alta foi associada ao maior uso de pasta de dente infantil pelas crianças de 2 a 6 anos (OR=3,32; 95% IC: 1,52-7,24; p = 0,002), a uma frequência maior de escovação nas crianças de 2 a 6 anos (OR=4,26; 95% IC:1,50-12,08; p = 0,004) e ao uso de fio dental na faixa etária de 7 a 14 anos (OR=3,10; 95% IC:1,27-7,58; p = 0,011). Conclusões: O maior nível de escolaridade dos pais/responsáveis foi associado a hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis e melhores práticas de higiene bucal de suas crianças.(AU)

Aim: To investigate the association between eating and oral hygiene habits of 2 to 14-year-old children and the parent's/guardian's level of education. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 214 parents/guardians of children, selected from five public schools in Belo Horizonte, in the southeastern region of Brazil. A questionnaire completed by the parents/guardians collected information about their educational level and about their children's eating and oral hygiene habits. The sample was stratified into two groups: parents/ guardians of children from 2 to 6 years old (n=119, 55.6%) and from 7 to 14 years old (n=95, 44.44%). The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test (p < 0.05). Results: Higher parental education was associated with children's milk consumption in the 7 to 14-year-old group (OR=6.37; 95% CI: 2.27-17.88; p < 0,001) and was inversely related to the consumption of candies from 2 to 6-year-old children (OR=0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.58; p < 0.001) and chewing gum in both groups (2 to 6 year olds, p < 0.001 and 7 to 14 year olds, p = 0.014). The highest parental education was associated with the use of children's toothpaste by 2 to 6-year-old children (OR=3.32; 95% CI: 1.52-7.24; p = 0.002) and higher tooth brushing frequency (OR=4.26; 95% CI: 1.50-12.08; p = 0.004) and dental floss usage in the group of 7 to 14-year-old children. Conclusions: The higher educational level of the parents/guardians was related to healthier food choices and better oral hygiene habits.(AU)

Individuals with special needs and their families' oral health-related quality of life

Abstract To evaluate the impact of dental caries among Brazilian individuals with special health care needs (SHCN) on their families' oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). A cross-sectional study was carried out with a population-based sample of 227 subjects who were enrolled from the ACOLHER-PNE project conducted at the Fluminense Federal University. Parents/caregivers answered the Brazilian version of the 14-item Family Impact Scale (B-FIS) to assess the impact on family's quality of life (QoL). The main independent variable was dental caries experience, diagnosed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The DMFT/dmft score was categorized into 0 = caries free; 1-2 = low; 3-4 = moderate; and ≥ 5 = high experience. Mother's schooling, age, sex, SHCN conditions, and socioeconomic factors were the other independent variables. QoL was measured through FIS domains and total score. Statistical analyses was performed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests and Poisson regression (p<0.05). The impact values observed in moderate and high caries experience were significantly higher than those found in subjects without caries and low level of parental emotions. Parents' years of schooling showed more impact on total score and on parental emotions. Older subjects showed significantly higher impact on total score and in all domains. The multivariate model demonstrated that families of older subjects (> 8 years old) experience a higher impact level compared to younger subjects (PR: 2.43; 95%CI: 1.80-3.29, p = 0.001). High caries experience and other socioeconomic factors were not associated with a greater negative impact on parents' QoL.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Impact of Fixed Appliances Measure questionnaire in Brazil

Abstract: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the condition-specific instrument Impact of Fixed Appliances Measure (IFAM), assessing its validity and reliability for use among Brazilian children/adolescents. The IFAM was translated, back-translated, cross-culturally adapted, and pilot-tested. The Brazilian version of the IFAM (B-IFAM) was tested on 161 10-to-18-year-old children/adolescents. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α) and test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Construct validity was conducted using Pearson correlation among the overall and subscales of the B-IFAM. Discriminant validity was evaluated by comparisons of B-IFAM's means and SD with children's/adolescents' sex (Student t-test). Internal consistency was 0.89 for overall score and 0.55-0.86 for subscales. ICC for test-retest reliability was 0.81 for overall score and 0.55-0.78 for subscales. The overall score of the B-IFAM presented large correlation coefficients with most subscales (r = 0.52-0.74), supporting construct validity. Discriminant validity demonstrated statistically significant difference in the overall score, aesthetics, and physical impact subscales among female and male children's/adolescents' (p < 0.05). In the conclusion, the B-IFAM overall score and some subscales demonstrated adequate psychometric properties regarding reliability and validity. The study achieved a specific-condition instrument feasible for use on Brazilian children/adolescents who wear fixed orthodontic appliances.